Abstracts in English and Arabic.

"بحث متطلب مقدم لنيل درجة الدكتوراه في العلوم السياسية."--On title page.

Thesis (Ph.D)--International Islamic University Malaysia, 2026.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 176-182).

Armed conflicts are considered among the most sensitive issues in international
relations, as they pose a threat to international peace and security. Despite the fact that
international charters affirm state sovereignty and non-intervention in the internal
affairs of states, the world continues to witness military interventions in several
countries. Perhaps most notably, the interventions launched by the United States of
America and its allies following the events of September 11 in both Afghanistan and
Iraq—under the pretexts of combating terrorism and humanitarian intervention—led to
an increase in the activity of private military and security companies. Moreover, these
interventions left severe repercussions on human rights, with civilians subjected to
killing, exploitation, displacement, and inhumane treatment in various aspects of their
lives. They also resulted in widespread chaos in Afghanistan and Iraq, destroying
infrastructure and providing a fertile environment for terrorist groups; This study aimed
to highlight the human rights affirmed by international charters and Islamic law while
shedding light on the factors that make conflict zones hotbeds for human rights
violations. It also examined the violations perpetrated by private military and security
companies in Afghanistan and Iraq. The descriptive-analytical method was employed
by discussing and analysing relevant reports and literature, and the case study method
was used in the applied aspect. The study reached important conclusions; for example,
Islamic law presented the first comprehensive human rights system, viewing these
rights as a divine gift to all humanity that cannot be revoked. Military interventions
often have unstated goals that primarily drive them, typically economic and political.
There is no international convention regulating the work of private military and security
companies. Although a draft convention exists, it has not come into force due to weak
political will, especially among major powers. Military interventions in both
Afghanistan and Iraq have severely affected civilian lives, leading to brutal and tragic
violations of their rights.